Funny Quotes to Celebrate the New Year

Amusing Quotes to Celebrate the New Year Each New Year carries an opportunity to check the progression of time, think about the past, and grasp what's to come. A few of us praise the event by celebrating into the early morning; others battle to remain conscious to watch the clock hands move past twelve. We make goals, just to break them; we guarantee to improve, invest more energy, be better, however in many cases miss the mark as life disrupts everything. The comical statements beneath, however, will assist you with beginning the New Year grinning. Imprint Twain New Years is an innocuous yearly establishment, of no specific use to anyone spare as a substitute for unbridled lushes, and neighborly calls and hoax goals. New Years Day presently is the acknowledged opportunity to make your standard yearly great goals. One week from now you can start clearing damnation with them not surprisingly. Streams Atkinson Drop the most recent year into the quiet limbo of the past. Release it, for it was flawed, and express gratitude toward God that it can go. Bill Vaughan Youth is when youre permitted to keep awake until late on New Years Eve. Middle age is when youre compelled to. A hopeful person keeps awake until late to see the New Year in. A worry wart keeps awake to ensure the old year leaves. P. J. ORourke The best possible conduct all through the Christmas season is to be flushed. This intoxication comes full circle on New Years Eve, when you get so alcoholic you kiss the individual youre wedded to. Jay Leno Presently there are more overweight individuals in America than normal weight individuals. So overweight individuals are presently average†¦which implies, you have met your New Years goals. James Agate New Years Resolution: To endure tricks all the more readily, if this doesn't urge them to occupy a greater amount of my time. Eric Zorn Making goals is a purifying custom of self-appraisal and contrition that requests individual genuineness and, at last, strengthens lowliness. Breaking them is a piece of the cycle. Charles Lamb New Years Day is each keeps an eye on birthday. Judith Christ Satisfaction is such a large number of things nowadays for anybody to wish it on anybody softly. So lets simply wish each other a bile-less New Year and leave it at that. Unknown Numerous individuals anticipate the New Year for another beginning on old propensities. A New Years goals is something that goes in one year and out the other. Last year’s goals was to shed 20 pounds by Christmas. Just 30 pounds to go. Recollect when we were youthful and needed to keep awake for New Year’s? Presently we are old and all we need to do is rest. May the New Year bring you essentially more happiness than the special seasons. Joey Adams May every one of your difficulties keep going as long as your New Years goals! Oscar Wilde Great goals are just watches that men draw on a bank where they have no record. Robert Paul Im somewhat more established, somewhat more shrewd, somewhat rounder, yet at the same time unaware. Robert Clark I would state Happy New Year however it’s unsettled; it’s precisely equivalent to a year ago aside from colder.

Research on Educational and Social Science

Question: Compose a paper on Educational and Social Science? Answer: Presentation This investigation manages explore on instructive and sociology. In the ebb and flow situation, it is clear to direct a significant research on training that has different points of interest in all period of life. It is seen that there are a portion of the instructive goals that incorporates, educating, learning and the kid itself (Seidman, 2013). These are the primary characteristics of instruction and it shows up in an exact structure. Instruction inquire about incorporates, detailing, finding just as portrayal of human encounters. This investigation records the human encounters that is a lot of outside to the examination and will shape an experimental relationship with the end goal of study (Celik, 2014). Motivation behind the investigation The motivation behind the examination is to look into on training and science and draw out the significance to the people (Bryman, 2012). The whole examination demonstrates that how training can acquire a change the life of the individuals. After the examination, it is straightforward the accompanying: Understanding the investigation of human subjects Motivation behind training in the current world Techniques executed by the analyst Moral comprehension of the term training Research questions: What does the term instruction really means? Is instruction basically preparing Is training basically learning Does training is about a lot of individual or an organization in general Is training an item? Is training an assistance The above inquiries are replied in an observational way, it is connected with the science also, and it offers ascend to new circumstances just as relationship (Krathwohl, 2009). On the off chance that these inquiries are replied and comprehended in an appropriate way, at that point it is anything but difficult to go further with the instruction on explore. Information assortment systems The information are gathered from the different establishment just as educators who are into this division from long years. Instruction is giving quantitative enquiries that lead to different wonders dependent on the positivist hypotheses. Training is required by all so as to have a tranquil existence. It is of concern whether the examination on instruction is to relate with the domain of quantitative or subjective (Ritchie et al. 2013). Another inquiry is connected with the term worldview that is another technique that implies lies between the positivism just as constructivism. Another inquiry emerges during this exploration is whether the instruction framework is logical or not. Specialist called attention to that proper investigation of instruction began before the twentieth century. This began when there was presentation of schools just as divisions for granting instruction to the understudies. Schools are viewed as incredible instruments that lead to standardization just as to d irect capacity to render people just as foundations (Krathwohl, 2009). The information assortment is quantitative in nature and different workshops ought to be led to affect the upsides of instruction in the ongoing scene. Target gathering The objective gathering is the people who have a place with underneath neediness line (Seer, 2014). Free instruction ought to be given to them so as to give an equivalent chance to them to confront the world. It is significant that the little youngsters must have the fundamental training with the goal that they can bargain their life in a quiet way (Mertens, 2014). The need of value instruction is required for every person who are quick to learn. In the current situation, it is seen that schools has gotten increasingly proficient and convey training to get cash from the understudies. Exertion ought to be made by the top position to teach the poor youngsters since then they can without much of a stretch lead their life in a quiet way (Coupland et al. 2014). Government should focus on the people just as families to teach them with the assets accessible to them. In the ongoing scene, it is significant that essential training should be conferred inside each youngster so they can undoubte dly take choices of their own without even subject to other people. Training encourages us to stay self-assured and free that support the certainty level too. Moral issues Families that have a place with beneath neediness line couldn't bear to instruct their kids with essential training. This at last prompts youngster work when the individual need to work at shops just to run their own family (Erickson, 2012). Morally, the youngster future ruin and they have no presentation to the external world on managing life in a greatly improved manner. Youngsters should have the rationale to learn ideas that are instructed to them in the school. A large portion of the youngster tends to by heart the words so as to finish the assessment. This is viewed as an abuse of value instruction. Understudies ought to comprehend the idea and make approaches to apply it in down to earth life (Anderson et al. 2015). It is a fantasy that training can take care of the issues yet we ought to likewise attempt to actualize it in the genuine also. Virtues, regarding older folks, behaviors are something, which we ought to have inside ourselves with the goal that we can without much o f a stretch arrangement our life (Kelly et al. 2014). Training causes us to settle on key choices and that is conceivable with basic intuition on a specific issue that is looked by us in the everyday running of the ordinary life (Smelser, 2013). Consent to get to the objective gathering Different nongovernmental affiliations are available who urge free instruction to youngster who has a place with underneath destitution line (Bernard, 2012). Different clashes will emerge when managing the families also. The families are of the feeling that instruction can't support the youngster and that will prompt wastage of cash too. Because of absence of instruction, the families don't know about the significance of training later on world. Government should make approaches to teach the youngster who are underneath the destitution kid to lessen kid work issues. With quality training, people will have the option to take key choices for their life soon (Bhattacherjee, 2012). Remuneration to members The instructors or teachers who bestow free training must be empowered with remuneration also that will urge them too to instruct in an ideal way. Bestowing training is a decent deed where individuals trade their thoughts and perspectives to others that will assist them with growing later on (Gill, 2014). Inspiration is required for the instructor who is conferring free training to the understudies. It is seen that people need acknowledgment for their difficult work, so it is required to repay the members who empower quality training among youngsters. Alleviation of issues The issues on instruction can be settled just when there is legitimate training framework where there is genuine feeling of learning just as educating. The moral issues are decreased if there is appropriate conduction of workshops that will address the individuals about the significance of training in the ongoing scene. Pragmatic life situation should be made that will show that how instruction causes us in each progression of managing the life. Youngster work and populace issues can be handily comprehended if every individual get quality training throughout everyday life. Proposal I will suggest that training is fundamental for every individual so they can lead their life in a tranquil way. Instruction gives us to take the most basic choices throughout our life to bargain in a superior way (Kazdin, 2011). It is fitting to the legislature to bestow free instruction to the youngster who has a place with low neediness line. It is additionally required to give quality instruction that is generally down to earth in nature. Understudies ought not tend to breeze through the assessment, rather center to comprehend the principle idea of the examination material and apply it, all things considered. People ought to be polite, comprehend the estimation of loved ones just as fundamental habits that will assist with turning into a genuine resident of the world (Waldrop, 2014). We ought to teach ourselves to take choices by our own and get the best situation in top worldwide organization. With the training, we land positions according to our prerequisites and afterward help other people in the gathering. Instruction causes us to fill in as a group, manufacture a feeling of responsiveness and genuineness just as honesty. Quality instruction makes us to take a gander at issues in various manner and attempt to settle it. End Toward the finish of the examination, it is seen that instruction is required at all periods of life to bargain a tranquil life. The examination calls attention to the focused on individuals who need the training in a pressing note. Different moral issues are referenced in the examination because of absence of value training. Families don't comprehend the estimation of training in the ongoing scene that has a place with low destitution line. On the off chance that individual make approaches to teach oneself and comprehend the fundamental idea, they can add to the nation too. Instruction assumes a significant job in helping us to think fundamentally for a particular issues. Reference List Anderson, L., Krathwohl, D., Bloom, B., Barrett, H. C., Die, N. S., Cant Imagine Death, W. W., Bering, J. (2015). Ainsworth, Mary DS, Blehar, Mary C., Waters, E., and Wall, Sally.(2014) Patterns of Attach-ment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation. New York, NY: Psychology Press. ALS Association.(2011, August)Astrocytes Toxic to Motor Neurons. ALS Association Newsletter. American Psychiatric Association.(2000) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disor.Thinking about Thinking: Cognition, Science, and Psychotherapy, 245. Bernard, H. R., Bernard, H. R. (2012).Social research techniques: Qualitative and quantitative methodologies. Sage. Bhattacherjee, A. (2012). Sociology look into: standards, techniques, and practices. Bryman, A. (2012).Social research strategies. Oxford college press. Celik, V. (2014). Instruction and Science. Coupland, N., Sarangi, S., Candlin, C. N. (2014).Sociolinguistics and social hypothesis. Routledge. Erickson, F. (2012). Subjective research meth

Blog Archive How to Solve Any Sentence Correction Problem on the GMAT, Part 3

Blog Archive How to Solve Any Sentence Correction Problem on the GMAT, Part 3 With regard to the GMAT, raw intellectual horsepower helps, but it is not everything.  Manhattan Prep’s  Stacey Koprince  teaches you how to perform at your best on test day by using some common sense. In  Part 1  of this article, we talked about the five-step process to answer Sentence Correction problems, and in  Part 2, we discussed some drills to build the needed skills. Make sure to read both of those before continuing with this third article in the series. Drill Number 3: Find a Starting Point Once again, open up your Official Guide and look at some problems you have done before. This time, do  not  read the original sentence. Instead, cover it up. Compare the answers, and try to articulate all the things that the problem is testing. Note that you can tell  what  is being tested even if you cannot tell  how  to answer. For example, you might see a verb switching back and forth between singular and plural. If the subject is not underlined, then you have no idea which verb form is required, because you literally have not even seen the subject. You do, though, know that subject-verb agreement is at issue. Drill Number 4: Eliminate Answers Once again, this drill involves problems you have already done. (Sensing a pattern?  We learn the most when we are reviewing things we have already done!) This time, though, you are going to get to use the whole problem. Right after you finish a problem, add the following analysis to your review: (1) Why is the right answer right? Why is each of the wrong answers wrong? (2) How would you justify  eliminating  the right answer? What is the trap that would lead someone to cross this one off? (3) How would you justify  picking  any of the wrong answers? What is the trap that would lead someone to pick a wrong answer? You are probably already doing the first one, but most people skip the second and third steps. The first is important, but you can learn more! When you learn how you (or someone) would fall into the trap of thinking that some wrong answer looks or sounds or feels better than the right one, you will be a  lot  less likely to fall into that same trap yourself in the future. Next Steps Practice these steps until they start to feel like second nature to you. At the same time, of course, learn the grammar rules that we all need to know. Put both pieces together, and you will master sentence correction! Share ThisTweet GMAT Blog Archive How to Solve Any Sentence Correction Problem on the GMAT, Part 3 With regard to the GMAT, raw intellectual horsepower helps, but it is not everything.  Manhattan Prep’s  Stacey Koprince  teaches you how to perform at your best on test day by using some common sense. In  Part 1  of this article, we talked about the five-step process to answer Sentence Correction problems, and in  Part 2, we discussed some drills to build the needed skills. Make sure to read both of those before continuing with this third article in the series. Drill Number 3: Find a Starting Point Once again, open up your Official Guide and look at some problems you have done before. This time, do  not  read the original sentence. Instead, cover it up. Compare the answers, and try to articulate all the things that the problem is testing. Note that you can tell  what  is being tested even if you cannot tell  how to answer. For example, you might see a verb switching back and forth between singular and plural. If the subject is not underlined, then you have no idea which verb form is required, because you literally have not even seen the subject. You do, though, know that subject-verb agreement is at issue. Drill Number 4: Eliminate Answers Once again, this drill involves problems you have already done. (Sensing a pattern?  We learn the most when we are reviewing things we have already done!) This time, though, you are going to get to use the whole problem. Right after you finish a problem, add the following analysis to your review: (1) Why is the right answer right? Why is each of the wrong answers wrong? (2) How would you justify  eliminating  the right answer? What is the trap that would lead someone to cross this one off? (3) How would you justify  picking  any of the wrong answers? What is the trap that would lead someone to pick a wrong answer? You are probably already doing the first one, but most people skip the second and third steps. The first is important, but you can learn more! When you learn how you (or someone) would fall into the trap of thinking that some wrong answer looks or sounds or feels better than the right one, you will be a  lot  less likely to fall into that same trap yourself in the future. Next Steps Practice these steps until they start to feel like second nature to you. At the same time, of course, learn the grammar rules that we all need to know. Put both pieces together, and you will master sentence correction! Share ThisTweet GMAT Blog Archive How to Solve Any Sentence Correction Problem on the GMAT, Part 3 With regard to the GMAT, raw intellectual horsepower helps, but it is not everything. Manhattan Prep’s  Stacey Koprince  teaches you how to perform at your best on test day by using some common sense. In  Part 1  of this article, we talked about the five-step process to answer Sentence Correction problems, and in  Part 2, we discussed some drills to build the needed skills. Make sure to read both of those before continuing with this third article in the series. Drill Number 3: Find a Starting Point Once again, open up your Official Guide and look at some problems you have done before. This time, do  not  read the original sentence. Instead, cover it up. Compare the answers, and try to articulate all the things that the problem is testing. Note that you can tell  what  is being tested even if you cannot tell  how  to answer. For example, you might see a verb switching back and forth between singular and plural. If the subject is not underlined, then you have no idea which verb form is required, because you literally have not even seen the subject. You do, though, know that subject-verb agreement is at issue. Drill Number 4: Eliminate Answers Once again, this drill involves problems you have already done. (Sensing a pattern?  We learn the most when we are reviewing things we have already done!) This time, though, you are going to get to use the whole problem. Right after you finish a problem, add the following analysis to your review: (1) Why is the right answer right? Why is each of the wrong answers wrong? (2) How would you justify  eliminating  the right answer? What is the trap that would lead someone to cross this one off? (3) How would you justify  picking  any of the wrong answers? What is the trap that would lead someone to pick a wrong answer? You are probably already doing the first one, but most people skip the second and third steps. The first is important, but you can learn more! When you learn how you (or someone) would fall into the trap of thinking that some wrong answer looks or sounds or feels better than the right one, you will be a  lot  less likely to fall into that same trap yourself in the future. Next Steps Practice these steps until they start to feel like second nature to you. At the same time, of course, learn the grammar rules that we all need to know. Put both pieces together, and you will master sentence correction! Share ThisTweet GMAT

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Tv Ownership - 1839 Words

Ownership ITV is a very popular TV network in the UK, and as we know it is privately owned by multiple shareholders. It was formed after a merger of Carlton and Granada. As ITV is owned privately it has to rely on paid advertisements to get funding which then they can spend that money to better the quality of the network. †¢ Pros – This can be good for the company as they are free to produce media as and when they like, and are completely free to own the business. †¢ Cons – Privately owned companies are unable to issue shares to the public. Public media service The BBC is a prime example of a type of public service media. The BBC is not privately owned and gets money from the government through a†¦show more content†¦Independent An independent media company is a company that is free of influence from the government or corporate interests. This allows the company to produce a wide range of content that is not bias to a government party or large company. The media welcomes companies such as these as they offer a different opinion that interests many. For example, Film Four †¢ Pros - This this good for the company as they are not restricted and have full control of the company. †¢ Cons-It is not very safe for the company as they do not have the support of a large organization. Conglomerate A media conglomerate is a large company that owns many other companies that provide a similar service. For example: Disney is one of the biggest media conglomerates in the world, founded by Roy and Walt Disney in 1923 it started as an animation company and grew to have areas in almost every possible media related area ever. It now owns some of the biggest TV networks in the world including: ABC and ESPN. Pros - It increases the customer base of the company so it allows the conglomerate to be able to cross sell its products. Cons - Management cost increases as the company grows larger and larger. 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Exam Answers on EU Law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3592 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? (a)The UK Parliament wishes to challenge the draft Directive on the basis that it infringes the principle of subsidiarity. The UK Parliament has a system of scrutiny committees that are responsible to review the proposal established by the EU Commission. In the given scenario, the draft Directive touches on the area of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Research, Technological Development and Spaceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Exam Answers on EU Law" essay for you Create order According to Article 4 of Lisbon Treaty, the EU and Member States have shared competence in this field, but paragraph 3 further stipulates that the exercise of the EUà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s competence in this field does not limit the competence of the Member States. Therefore, the scrutiny committees may issue a reasoned opinion on the basis that the draft Directive has infringed the principle of subsidiarity set out in Article 5(3) of the Lisbon Treaty of European Union. According to Article 6 of Protocol 2, the UK committees must issue the reasoned opinion that oppose the draft Directive within eight weeks from the date of transmission.[1] Here, the draft Directive was established on 15 December 2012 and thus the deadline for the UK Parliament to issue the reasoned opinion will be 9 February 2013. It must be noted that, if at least one third of the national parliaments have given the reasoned opinion, it is considered as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"yellow cardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and the Comm ission can be required to review the draft Directive. However, in case of more than a simple majority, this is an orange card and this allows the European Parliament and the Council to reject the draft Directive before the first reading.[2] (b)The German Association of University Professors and Lecturers (hereinafter referred to as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the associationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢) wishes to challenge the regulation, in order for it to be declared invalid. There are two ways available: a direct action under Article 263 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (hereinafter referred to as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"TFEUà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢); or an indirect action under Article 267 of TFEU. Direct Action under Article 263 In order to strike down the directive successfully under Article 263,[3] there are three procedural requirements: there is a legal act, the action is raised within the prescribed limit of two months and the applicant must have sufficient legal standing to init iate the action.[4] By virtue of Article 288 of the TFEU, a directive is a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"legal actà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ that fulfil the Article 263 requirement. We are told that the directive was adopted on 1 July 2013 and thus the latest date for the association to bring the action is 1 September 2013. Further, the association is a non-privileged applicant who has no automatic standing and thus it is necessary for the association to satisfy that the adopted Directive is of both the direct and individual concern to them.[5] Nevertheless, as shown in the Salamander case, it may be extremely difficult for a non-privileged applicant to prove that a directive is of direct concern to him.[6] According to Plaumann, it is likely that the directive casts no individual concern to the association as they cannot be differentiated from the other researchers.[7] Thus, the action under Article 263 looks unlikely materialise to the association. Indirect Action under Article 267 Alternativel y, under Article 267, the association may have to be a party to an action in a national court and the court would have discretion as to whether or not to make a reference on this issue to the CJEU. According to Rau v BALM, the facts that the association has no standing under Article 263 would not affect their ability in bring an Article 267 action.[8] But it is still not advisable for the association to bring an action under Article 267 as it has been pointed out by Advocate General Jacobs in UnioÃÆ'Å’Ã ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢n de PequenÃÆ'ŒÆ’os Agricultores that it is wrong to expect someone to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"breach the law in order to gain access to justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[9] (c)Professor Moltisanti wishes to bring an action against Italian government for its failure to implement the directive. There are two actions available to him: the doctrine of direct effect; or the Francovich principle. The Doctrine of Direct Effect According to the leading case of V an Gen den Loos, in order for directive to give rise to direct effects, certain criteria has to be satisfied.[10] First of all, as shown in Ratti, the court held that the applicant is only allowed to rely on a directive that the deadline for implementation has been expired.[11] On the facts, the grant scheme runs from July 2014, this indicates that the deadline for transposition (1 November 2013) has already expired and thus Professor Moltisanti may be able to rely on the directive directly in the court. Next, in Marshall v Southampton SW Hampshire AHA, it was held that a directive could be invoked vertically against a public body.[12] In the other words, Professor Moltisanti can rely on the directive vertically against the Italian government. Francovich Principle On the other hand, an alternative way that available for Professor Moltisanti is the principle established in the Francovich case that a right to damages against the member states is available to individuals if t hey have suffered loss as a result of the member stateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s failure to implement a directive.[13] This principle is further developed Factortame, where the court laid down the criteria in replying the Francovich principle that there must be a sufficiently serious breach and direct causal link can be established between the breach and the loss suffered by the individual.[14] Applying this to the facts, the failure to implement the directive is automatically a sufficiently serious breach within the SchoÃÆ'ŒË† ppenstedt[15] formula and it is clearly that the Italian governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s failure to implement the directive makes Professor Moltisanti lost the opportunity to gain support under the scheme. Therefore, it is likely that he may seek redress under the Francovich principle. Introduction The statement suggests that the principle of supremacy of EU law is merely a myth originated from the Court of Justice case law, where in fact th e national courts have constantly challenged on this concept. In this essay, we will deal with the principle of supremacy of EU law from both the Court of Justice and national courtsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ perspectives and argue that the given statement is correct in the context that the supremacy principle enunciated by the Court of Justice is itself fictional and its application in the national courts is not absolute. The Principle of Supremacy of EU law from the Court of Justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Perspective When a State joins the European Union, it is considered that there will be a transfer of sovereignty for certain specific areas of policy from the state to the community. Nevertheless, the community treaty does not contain specific reference in the relationship between the EU law and national law and this leads to a situation where both law are in conflict. Not surprisingly, the Court of Justice (hereinafter referred to as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"CJEUà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, previo usly known as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"European Court of Justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ECJà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢) is on the view that the EU law must prevail in such conflict. The court took its first step in preserving the uniformity of application of EU law among the Member States in the landmark case of Van Gend en Loos.[16] The stance was affirmed in Costa v ENEL, where the ECJ held that the community has à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"created its own legal system which became an integral part of the legal systems of the Member States and which their courts are bound to applyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[17] The ECJ further added force to the supremacy principle in the Simmenthal case, where it held that the national courts must set aside the national law if it is in conflict with the community law.[18] At this point, it can be argued that the supremacy principle established by the CJEU is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"fictionalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ as it merely requires a disapplication of national law. In Factortam e, the ECJ made clear that if there is a dispute between the national law and the community law, the national courts must set aside its national law, instead on striking down the provision as ultra vires.[19] Furthermore, the supremacy principle from the CJEUà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perspective is not absolute and this was shown in the Asda Stores case in which the ECJ had forfeited the EU supremacy and applied the conflicting national law. [20] On the other hand, because of the wide variation of the constitutional background between the member states, the national courts have responded differently in interpreting the supremacy principle into their own legal system. The Principle of Supremacy of EU law from the National Courtsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Perspectives There are mainly two approaches to the incorporation of EU law by the national courts, namely monist or dualist approaches. Monistic Theory In monist States, such as Belgium and France, all law is treated equally, it is not necessary for an international law to be implemented into national law and the national courts can apply the law Dualistic Theory For states with a dualist system, such as Germany and United Kingdom, international law and national law are considered to be fundamentally distinct. This means that international law cannot be directly applied by the national courts but requires the translation into the national law. As to give a clearer analysis, we will deal with the legal system of the member states separately: Belgium Belgium provides a good example of acceptance of the supremacy of EU law based upon reasoning which is closest to that employed by the ECJ itself.[21] Even though there has no provision in the Belgian Constitution that supports the supremacy of EU law, the Belgian Court demonstrated its willingness to accord the supremacy principle in Le Ski case. In this case, it was held that if there is a conflict between the Belgian Constitution and a provision u nder EU treaty that imposes direct effect in the national legal system, the EU law prevails.[22] Is the Supremacy of EU law over national law a fantasy of the Court of Justice with reference to the Belgian courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perspective? It is submitted that Belgium manages the supremacy principle of EU law with relatively ease. Can this be argued that as an evidence of the supremacy principle? Bribosa commented on this issue that the approach taken by the court was actually a consideration of Kompetenz-Kompetenz (competence-competence) doctrine but rather than the ruling of ECJ.[23] In other words, instead of treating that the EU law is superior to the Belgian law, it may be more appropriate to recognise that the Belgian courts has sought to emerge the new community rule with its established domestic legal framework. France In France, the courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s willingness to accord the supremacy of EU law was shown in the Administration des Douanes case[24], wh ere it was held that by virtue of Article 55 of the French Constitution, if there is a conflict between national law and a ratified international treaty, the latter should be give precedence over the former.[25] This approach was only affirmed in Nicolo case[26] where the court suggested that Article 55 enables the courts to review the validity of French legislation with the EU provisions and thus the community law should be given precedence over the national law. Is the Supremacy of EU law over national law a fantasy of the Court of Justice with reference to the French courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perspective? Even though the French courts have recognised the supremacy of EU treaty, it is arguable that the supremacy of EU law in the context of French jurisdiction is not absolute. The Constitutional Council had made it clear in the reasoned Decision given on 9 April 1992 Maastricht I[27] that France could derogate its sovereignty to the Union, only if the particular community rule is not contradictory to the French Constitution and will not violate the exercise of national sovereignty.[28] Such reasoning can be regarded as putting a limitation to Franceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s acceptance of supremacy and thus it may casts ambiguity on the supremacy principle that derived from the CJEUà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ruling. Germany In Germany, the EU supremacy principle is shaped with the terms of Article 23 of the German Basic Law. In Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v EVGF (Solange I), the Federal Constitutional Court held that although Article 23 allowed the transfer of legislative power to EU law, the German Constitution would still take priority over the EU treaty if the community has not removed the possible conflict of norms between EU law and the fundamental rights provision under the German Constitution.[29] However, having considered the development of fundamental rights doctrine by the ECJ, the position has been altered in the case of Re Wuensche Handel sgesellschaft (Solange II), where it held stated that the court would no longer review EU provision in light of the German Constitution.[30] Is the Supremacy of EU law over national law a fantasy of the Court of Justice with reference to the German courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perspective? By observing the change of attitude of Federal Constitutional Court in adopting the supremacy principle, it is likely that the ECJà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s wish that the EU law should prevail over national law may be fulfilled. However, in has been made clear in Brunner v European Union Treaty the supremacy of EU law within German jurisdiction is not unconditional, the EU law will be applied only because the national law says it does. [31] Therefore, it may not be appropriate to say that the EU law is supreme over German domestic law because the German courts have not surrendered Germany sovereignty but merely fulfil the obligations of EU membership.[32] United Kingdom The situation becomes more complicated in the UK jurisdiction because of its doctrine of Parliamentary Sovereignty. As a dualist states, the EU treaty will only have effect in the UK legal system with the incorporation of UK Act. This led to the publication of the European Communities Act 1972 (hereinafter referred to as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ECA 1972à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢), whereby it incorporates the EU provisions into the English legal system. In R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame, Lord Bridge stated that it had à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"always been clear that it was the duty of a United Kingdom court when delivering final judgment, to override any rule of national law found to be in conflict with any directly enforceable rule of Community lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[33] Nevertheless, it must be noted that, the effect of this case would not actually nullify the existing UK legislation and this indicates that the UK national law is still superior to the EU law. Is the Supremacy of EU law over national law a fantasy of the Court of Justice with reference to the British courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perspective? It is arguable that the EU law does not take precedence over the UK law since the community legislation may only be effective within the UK legal system with the incorporation of ECA 1972. Such approach has been adopted by Lord Justice Laws in the case of Thoburn v Sunderland City Council, where he pointed out that the relationship between the UK and the EU depends on UK law, not EU law. [34] Conclusion According to Maduro, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the acceptance of the supremacy of EU rules over national constitutional rules has not been unconditionalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[35] It is apparent from the discussion above, despite the distinction between monistic and dualist system, the application of EU law under the national legal framework is ultimately influenced by the national law. Therefore, it might be true that the supremacy principle is a fantasy of the CJEU. However, notwithsta nding talk of any legal fiction, it can be observed from the case law that the national courts do give effect to supremacy of EU law. The fact that EU law has been consistently and uniformly applied in the member statesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ courts today creates no real dispute over the application of supremacy principle in practice. Question: Word length: (2) 1129 (4) 1999 TOTAL 3128 Bibliography Tables of cases EU Cases Aktien-Zuckerfabrik SchoÃÆ'ŒË† ppenstedt v Council (5/71) [1971] ECR 975 Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v Simmenthal (106/77) [1978] ECR 629 Brasserie du PeÃÆ'Å’Ã ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡cheur/Factortame III (C-46/93 48/93) [1996] ECR I-1029 Consorzio del Prosciutto di Parma and Another v Asda Stores Ltd and Another (C-108/01) [2003] ECR I-5121 Costa v ENEL (6/64) [1964] ECR 585 Francovich v Italy Republic (6/90) [1991] ECR I-5357 Marshall v Southampton and South West Hampshire AHA (271/91) [1993] ECR I-4367 Ministero Pubblico v Ratti (148/78) [1979] ECR 1629 P UnioÃÆ'Å’Ã ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢n de PequenÃÆ'ŒÆ’os Agricultores v Council (C-50/00) [2002] ECR I-6677 Plaumann Co v Commission (25/62) [1963] ECR 95 Rau v Bundesanstalt fuÃÆ'ŒË† r Landswirtschaftliche Marktordnung (C-133/85) [1987] ECR-2289 Salamander and others v European Parliament and Council (T-172 175-177/98) [2000] ECR II- 2 487 R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame Ltd and Others (C-213/89) [1990] ECR 2433 Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen (26/62) [1963] ECR 1 Belgian Case Minister for Economic Affairs v SA Fromagerie Franco-Suisse à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Le Skià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [1972] CMLR 330 French Cases Administration des Douanes v SocieÃÆ'Å’Ã ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢teÃÆ'Å’Ã ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ CafeÃÆ'Å’Ã ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Jacques Vabre J. Weigel et Cie. SARL [1975] 2 CMLR 336 Raoul Georges Nicolo and another [1990] 1 CMLR 173 German Cases Brunner v European Union Treaty [1994] 1 CMLR 57 Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle fÃÆ' ¼r Getreide und Futtermittel [1974] 2 CMLR 540 WÃÆ' ¼nsche handelsgesellschaft,Re [1987] 3 CMLR 225 United Kingdom Cases Thoburn v Sunderland City Council [2003] QB 151 R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame [1991] AC 603 Table of Legislation EU Legislation Consolidated Version of the Treaty on European Union [2008] OJ C115/13, art 4 Consolidated Version of the Treaty on European Union [2008] OJ C115/13, art 5 Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union [2008] OJ C115/47, art 263 Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union [2008] OJ C115/47, art 264 Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union [2008] OJ C115/47, art 267 Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union [2008] OJ C115/47, art 288 Protocol (No.2) on the Application of the Principle of Subsidiarity and Proportionality [2010] OJ C 83/206, Art 6 Protocol (No.2) on the Application of the Principle of Subsidiarity and Proportionality [2010] OJ C 83/206, Art 7 French Legislation Conseil Constitutionnel, decision n.92-308 DC of 9 April 1992, Treaty of Maastricht I French Constitution, art 55 German Legislati on Basic Law, art 24 United Kingdom Legislation European Communities Act 1972 Secondary Sources Books Chalmers D, Davies G and Monti G, European Union Law (3rd edn, Cambridge University Press 2014) Hartley T, European Union Law in a Global Context: Text, Cases and Materials (Cambridge University Press 2004) Articles Benvenisti E and Downs G, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Premises, Assumptions, and Implication of Van Gend en Loosà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [2014] 25 EJIL 85 Martinoco G, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Is the European Convention going to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"supremeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢? A Comparative-constitutional overview of ECHR and EU law before national courtsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [2010] EJIL 401 Maduro M, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Interpreting European Law: Judicial Adjudication in a Context of Constitutional Pluralismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [2007]1 EJLS 2 Electronic Sources Craig P, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The ECJ, National Courts and the Supremacy of Community Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ https://www.ecln.net/elements/conferences/bookrome/craig.pdf accessed 29 December 2014 1 [1] Protocol (No.2) on the Application of the Principle of Subsidiarity and Proportionality [2010] OJ C 83/206, art 7. [2] Ibid, art 6. [3] Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union [2008] OJ C115/47, art 264. [4] Ibid, art 263. [5] Ibid. [6] Joined Cases T-172 175-177/98 Salamander and others v European Parliament and Council [2000] ECR II- 2487. [7] Case 25/62 Plaumann Co v Commission [1963] ECR 95. [8] Case C-133/85 Rau v Bundesanstalt fuÃÆ'ŒË† r Landswirtschaftliche Marktordnung [1987] ECR-2289. [9] Case C-50/00 P UnioÃÆ'Å’Ã ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢n de PequenÃÆ'ŒÆ’os Agricultores v Council [2002] ECR I-6677, Opinion of AG Jacobs, paras. 41-9. [10] Case 26/62 Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen [1963] ECR 1. [11] Case 148/78, Ministero Pubblico v Ratti [1979] ECR 1629. [12] Case 271/91, Marshall v Southampton and South West Hampshire AHA [1993] ECR I-4367 . [13] Case 6/90 Francovich v Italy Republic [1991] ECR I-5357. [14] Joined Cases C-46/93 48/93 Brasserie du PeÃÆ'Å’Ã ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡cheur/Factortame III [1996] ECR I-1029. [15] Case 5/71 Aktien-Zuckerfabrik SchoÃÆ'ŒË† ppenstedt v Council [1971] ECR 975. [16] Van Gend en Loos (n 10). [17] Case 6/64 Costa v ENEL [1964] ECR 585, 593. [18] Case 106/77 Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v Simmenthal [1978] ECR 629, 21. [19] Case C-213/89 R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame Ltd and Others [1990] ECR 2433. [20] Case C-108/01 Consorzio del Prosciutto di Parma and Another v Asda Stores Ltd and Another [2003] ECR I-5121. [21] Paul Craig, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The ECJ, National Courts and the Supremacy of Community Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ https://www.ecln.net/elements/conferences/bookrome/craig.pdf accessed 29 December 2014. [22] Eyal Benvenisti and George Downs, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Premises, Assumptions, and Implication of Van Gend en Loosà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [2014] 25 EJIL 85, https://www.ejil.org/pdfs/25/1/2477.pdf accessed 9 January 2014, citing Minister for Economic Affairs v SA Fromagerie Franco-Suisse à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Le Skià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [1972] CMLR 330, 347. [23] Paul (n 21), citing H Bribosia, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Report on Belgiumà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, in A-M Slaughter, A Stone Sweet and J H H Weiler (eds), The European Court and National Courts, Doctrine and Jurisprudence (Oxford: Hart Publishing 1998) p.21-22. [24] Paul (n 21), citing Administration des Douanes v SocieÃÆ'Å’Ã ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢teÃÆ'Å’Ã ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ CafeÃÆ'Å’Ã ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Jacques Vabre J. Weigel et Cie. SARL [1975] 2 CMLR 336. [25] Paul (n 21). [26] Raoul Georges Nicolo and another [1990] 1 CMLR 173, as translation can be found in https://www.utexas.edu/law/academics/centers/transnational/work_new/french/case.php?id=1440 accessed 9 January 2014. [27]Conseil Constitutionnel, decision n.92-308 DC of 9 A pril 1992, Treaty of Maastricht I, as translation can be found in https://www.utexas.edu/law/academics/centers/transnational/work_new/french/case.php?id=998 accessed 9 January 2014. [28] Giuseppe Martinoco, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Is the European Convention going to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"supremeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢? A Comparative-constitutional overview of ECHR and EU law before national courtsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [2010] EJIL 401. [29] Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle fÃÆ' ¼r Getreide und Futtermittel [1974] 2 CMLR 540, as translation can be found in https://www.utexas.edu/law/academics/centers/transnational/work_new/german/case.php?id=588 assessed 9 January 2014. [30] Re WÃÆ' ¼nsche handelsgesellschaft [1987] 3 CMLR 225, 265, as translation can be found in https://www.utexas.edu/law/academics/centers/transnational/work_new/german/case.php?id=572 assessed 9 January 2014. [31] Brunner v European Union Treaty [1994] 1 CMLR 57, as translation c an be found in https://www.ecln.net/documents/Decisions-Germany/summary-maastricht.pdf assessed 9 January 2014 [32] Trevor Hartley, European Union Law in a Global Context: Text, Cases and Materials (Cambridge University Press 2004) 159. [33] [1991] AC 603 (HL) 658. [34] [2003] QB 151, 69. [35] Miguel Maduro, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Interpreting European Law: Judicial Adjudication in a Context of Constitutional Pluralismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [2007]1 EJLS 2.

Why I Quit the Klan - 1232 Words

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Gender Inequality Research Essay Example For Students

Gender Inequality Research Essay Gender equality is a broad topic with many different angles that can be examined. For my part in this project I chose to research the changing perspective on gender inequalities in schools. I wanted to find out what people really felt about the fairness of their education, and whether they really felt they had been shortchanged in the learning process because of their sex. My results were generally what I had expected to find, though there were a few interesting findings along the way. I used an article from Education Week entitled, The Silent Gender Gap, An empirical research project conducted by Molly Weinburgh of Georgia State University, and I conducted my own research by using surveys and interviewing people about what they remember from their days I wanted to answer the question as to whether or not gender really played a role in the equality of peoples education. I expected to find that the further back through time I looked, the more evidence I would find of there being a general sentiment toward the belief that males were favored in the classroom. This favoritism I expected to be greater and have a larger impact the further back through time I went with my interviews. However, I expected that in more recent times the pendulum of educational inequalities would have swung hard the other way, giving the females a clear advantage. In the end I was right, to an extent. I conducted interviews with or received surveys back from forty-eight people ranging in age, background, and geographic region of where they attended high school. Six of these people graduated high school between 1945 and 1955, twenty-four graduated between 1968 and 1979, and the remaining eighteen people have recently graduated since 1995. They represent three generations education in the public schools. When asked how they felt overall about the equality of their education based on gender, only two people responded that they felt there had not been fair treatment between the sexes, these two will be discussed in-depth later. Every respondent said that they had not changed the beliefs they held during school. However, the inequalities became evident in later questions that were designed to bring out impressions about certain situations and asked for additional comments. Of the twenty-four respondents graduating from 1968 to 1979, twenty-two claimed overall equality in their education, of these, nine indicated some minor tendencies toward gender biased policies in teachers classrooms. All but one of these nine said the males had received some form of favoritism regardless of their own gender. The recent graduate group results showed opposite results. Of the eighteen people who graduated since 1995, all claimed overall equality (a sign of progress), however all but two claimed that the girls were given advantages over the males (a sign of too much progress). The two who did not claim female benefits felt their education was equal. The interesting age group was the elders. They were hesitant to respond to my questions. After great amount of reflection, there was an agreement that men were given a better opportunity for success. These people struggled to decide not because they could not remember, but because they never gave gender inequality too much thought. Some responses to the questions designed to inspire thought and sentiments were good examples of the overall feeling on gender inequalities. For example, Studies today seem to draw our focus to minor issues (mountains out of mole hills) and gender was the inequality of least concern back when I was in school. As for the two who did not feel there overall educational experience was fair, both graduated in 1976, both were female, but one felt the males got the clear advantage, the other felt the females won the war for favoritism. The Silent Gender Gap, offers the best explanation for this conflict of opinions. The Education Week article makes the claim that when looking at African-American students the gender gap actually favored the females as early as 1970. The women who said there schooling was unfairly tilted toward males was from the predominantly white Central Pennsylvania region, while the lady saying girls had the upper hand came from a school in Maryland which had an equal if not greater number of African-American students, a possible explanation for the differing views When looking at the results, we see that the hypothesis was overall correct. The trend has been for the girls to be treated progressively better while the boys .

The Father of Our Fathers Review Essay Example

The Father of Our Fathers Review Paper Essay on The Father of Our Fathers Who is this person and how we appeared on the Earth an issue of interest to all, perhaps, since people learned to think. Thats only answer to it is still there and But in science there are many versions, also on the subject written many articles in the press, books, and not only scientific but also artistic. One of them the Father of Our Fathers from the pen of the famous French writer Bernard Werber In general, I have great respect for this author, thats just reading it is necessary to break.. Otherwise, the brain might explode, digesting the information. In any case, the conclusion I came to after reading several books by this author in a row. And yet, today we are not talking at all about Werber., And about a particular book. So, the novel Father of Our Fathers, I associate with the sea Why? Just the interest in the book dies, then there is a new force, the storm and calm. We will write a custom essay sample on The Father of Our Fathers Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Father of Our Fathers Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Father of Our Fathers Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Roman lured me from the first page. Still, journalists, briefings, assignments, investigation It is native. But, by the middle of the first part, I was bored and had already begun to blame Bernard Werber, because it can not sustain the interest of the reader throughout the book. However, barely perelistnuv page, I realized that a little heated, but still, it was convinced that the French writer could actually surprise It is said also that Werber amazing style. Alas, I can neither confirm nor deny this assertion, that how to read it only in Russian, and any artwork when translating a lot to lose. No matter. I and without it many thoughts and impressions. For example, do you think, how many years ago the world was a man. Through the mouth of his characters Werber offers several options 1. Theory Professor Sanderson man was the result of a disease caused by a virus of extraterrestrial origin 2.. Theory Professor Conrod man was the result of a random combination of genes 3.. Theory of Dr. Wang Lisbeth man was the result of a conscious adaptation to climate change 4. Theory of Dr. Elyuana man appeared as a result of the need to beat the other animals to get food 5. There is another nailyubopytneyshaya theory, but about it I keep silence, so as not to spoil the impression of the book to those who have not read it It is better to talk about something else about the meaning of words, however, all the analogies in the novel are built on the peculiarities of the French language, but still interesting. you know, where there was the word fool ? From the Latin imbecille, which means not having the stick. A hint of what always has when walking rely on a cane to live without relying to any dogma, any one solid principle, not leaning to anything -. it needs to be brave ? Nce, though I hope I am a fool, and I want to keep them as long as possible I do not take offense, and on the definition of fool continued Katzenberg Gulupets3 derived from Latin stupidos startled amazement fool around surprised and pleased I hope the whole long stay foolish Idiot in Greek means special idiom -. this language feature I want to be special PS In general, this book I was really impressed, made me think about many things. We would like to ask a question and you, dear associates: what do you think, where there are people on Earth ?

Top 25 Book Report Ideas Ways to Create a Breathtaking Book Report

Top 25 Book Report Ideas Ways to Create a Breathtaking Book Report If you have the freedom of selecting a topic for your book report, check out our list of top 25 book report ideas and topics for a winning paper. Book report writing is a rather simple task, which doesn’t require considerable effort. However, if you are new to book report writing and have received your first writing assignment, we have something that might help you. While working on your report, please feel free to read the article on how to work on the book report. Top 25 Book Report Ideas Searching for book report template? Here is a great one below. BOOK REPORT TEMPLATE Here is a list of books that are believed to be very useful for all high school students (based on materials  of  NY Times and Lexington Public Library). Want to know more about book report format? Read the article below! BOOK REPORT FORMAT If you have the freedom of selecting your own book report topic and a  way to write it in, and you feel that you will need help with your project, we will be happy to assist. Just contact out customer support staff and they will help you through the ordering process. Place your order  right now!

The Role of Social Media in Business Research Paper

The Role of Social Media in Business - Research Paper Example In addition, the social media technology is the most excellent tool for the companies to promote their business, for example if a company is selling services, products or publishing ads, then social media is the most excellent method to make their website gainful in a minimum amount of time (Deepika, 2010). This paper will discuss some of the important aspects of social media and their influence on the current business industry. This paper will also outline some of the main advantages and disadvantages of the social media. The role of social media in business At the present, social media is playing a significant role in business sector. In the past it was frequently used for carrying out non-business activities. For instance, people used it to connect with their friends as well as for searching and making new friends. However, now it has become a basic need for most of the businesses since business people are making use of social media particularly Twitter and Facebook for performing market research, marketing their products and services and for supporting clients. To serve this purpose, a large number of social media related websites are available. All of them offer specific advantages and users need to follow their rules. In this regard, the graph given below demonstrates the rapid expansion for the job requirements in "social media". Additionally, this expansion rate has reached up to 1,750 percent. However, the basic cause of this expansion is very simple, since all the corporations require people skilled in creating Social Media API, particularly experts in building Twitter applications and Facebook tools (QualityPoint Technologies, 2011) and (Deepika, 2010). Figure 1Social Media Growth, Image Source: https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNVQmlwXZaXM1e1KUiIm8AvZFWSXU6HG2CpN9FsB3XwtxMjg6zvBfsbRthKqIyHP3ZXxJVBlVsz96IXQd93tjrqfKrG8OFpBFlWw8mcSR7qK6G6uxFUb3qtx-D8fLluokgWVFCLu26t0Dw/s1600/jobgraph.png Additionally, the social networking websites (such as Twitter, LinkedIn, Myspace and Facebook) present choices for companies to build and maintain their business prof iles and pages, through which they can promote their services and products. In addition, with the modern applications that enumerate likes and dislikes of users, Facebook now allows its users to join â€Å"groups† that facilitate companies in marketing their products or services. Thus, it has become a blessing for the businesses that these social networking websites have offered. Moreover, the latest movement of users, for instance joining business groups or adding support to business ads, will be listed on the users’ profile however it is acknowledged as â€Å"newsfeed†. As well, this newsfeed presents recent news regarding the tasks performed by the users on their home page (Cortez, 2011). Furthermore, for the majority of businesses this social networking based system (or more simply e-collaboration) has turned into a base of electronic marketing. In this scenario, Facebook facilitates business managers to interact with the masses what they are going to do, wh at proceedings are happening, what attainments or recognitions have been established by other businesses. In addition, articles published in recent newspapers and other media related to business industry are copied and pasted onto the corporate profile or added to their position. For instance,

Macro &Micro Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Macro &Micro Economics - Essay Example 16). Within the vast arena of macroeconomics, the development of the model of Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply generally known as AD-AS model is of immense importance as it has been developed and applied for determining and evaluating the factors that are very useful in realizing the effects of Real Gross Domestic Product which is i.e, GDP deflated by the general price level. As a consequence the model also acts as a useful indicator for the determination of the inflation level of the economy (Taylor & Weerapana, 2009, p.695). The AD-AS model also incorporates the notion of micro economic concepts like demand and supply framework including equilibrium analysis (Karl, E, 2007, p. 409) and thus setting up a platform in accordance with the demand of the paper. Focus of the paper The paper will focus on the underlying mechanism of the aggregate demand (especially) and aggregate supply along with the concepts of volume of money demand and supply and its application and importance in the economy of the United States of America (US) with its recent financial crisis within the backdrop of the article, â€Å"It’s the Aggregate Demand, Stupid† written by Bruce Bartlett who has held senior policy roles in the administration of Reagan and George H.W. Bush administrations and served on the staffs of Representatives Jack Kemp and Ron Pau. Crux of AD-AS model Before entering into the AD-AS model a short purview of the notion of law of demand and law of supply requires to be mentioned. The law of demand has been developed by the economists out of several criticisms (various exceptions like Giffen goods, Veblen effect) and the law basically states that for a normal commodity, there is an inverse relationship between the price of a particular commodity and the quantity demanded keeping all other things constant. The demand function can be stated as,signifying the inverse relation between price and quantity. A short mathematical and graphical explanation will m ake it clearer (Maurice & Thomas, p.43). Let, , (where a, b>0) be a linear demand curve which is taken for our purpose. Differentiating the above function with respect to Q we get, Therefore the slope of the curve is negative. The graphical representation is as follows: Fig.1 The law of demand (Maurice & Thomas, p.43) In the above diagram, at the price level P2, the quantity demanded was at the level Q2 when the price fell down to the level of P1, the quantity demanded rose to the level Q1. Thus the inverse relationship between the price and quantity as given by the law of demand is represented. The demand comes from the consumer’s angle in an economy that purchase goods and services in an economy for the maximization of their utility (Bhide, 2010, p. 313). The theory of supply on the other hand represents the positive relationship between the quantity and the price keeping all other things constant (Hussain, 2010, p. 214). It comes from the producer’s angle. More the commodity the producer sells more the price will it charge. Let a linear supply curve be considered as, . Now differentiating the

Mechanism Of Electromechanical Induction Meter Information Technology Essay

Mechanism Of Electromechanical Induction Meter Information Technology Essay As the dismal economy spawns desperate measures, most of the residents of our beloved city, Karachi are resorting to a hazardous practice which is stealing electricity. Many utilities say energy theft has risen sharply during the recent economic downturn. Culprits include residential customers whose power is turned off when they fall behind on the bills and small businesses struggling to keep their doors open. They are using a wide array of tactics. Some run wires from utility lines directly into a circuit-breaker panel to bypass the electric meter. Others attached cables on either side of a meter, swipe meters from vacant houses when theirs are removed or tamper with meters to lower their electric bills. People from KESC are finding more and more people are stealing electricity because of the poor economy, said by the sources of electricity supplying corporation. It has been investigated that 3,197 cases of theft in January and February, a 28% jump over the year-ago period. Customers have stolen power for decades, costing utilities 1% to 4% of revenue or about RS 49 billion industry wide each year, according to Electric Light Power magazine. Losses are borned by other customers. Many thieves operate home-based marijuana farms that use lots of lights and power. But the problem is basically mushrooming. Meanwhile, consulting firm Detectent has identified a double-digit arise in business thefts the past six months, many by energy-guzzling restaurants. In Landhi, Deen Baksh, 48, was charged last fall with3 meter rigging. DTE Energy says he helped about 50 downtown businesses cut their gas and electric bills by more than RS.1 million or 30% to 50% each the past several years. The practice is actually dangerous. Touching a power line may burn or even kill an untrained person. In Philadelphia this month, an illegal electricity hookup in a row house resulted in a spark a fire that killed a 30-year-old woman and her 8-year-old daughter. Utilities often learn of thefts from meter readers, neighbors or may be abnormal use patterns. They expect to detect fraud earlier as they roll out smart meters that can remotely monitor electricity usage. Electricity theft can be in the form of fraud (meter tampering), stealing (illegal connections), billing irregularities, or unpaid bills. Estimates of the extent of electricity theft in a sample of 102 countries for 1980 and 2000 are studied. The evidence shows that theft is increasing in most of the regions of the world. The financial impacts of theft has reduced income from the sale of electricity and the necessity to charge more to consumers. Electricity theft is closely related to governance indicators, with higher peaks of theft in countries without effective accountability, political instability, low government effectiveness and high levels of corruption. Electricity theft can be lowered by applying technical solutions such as tamper-proof meters, managerial methods such as inspection and monitoring, and in some cases restructuring power systems ownership and regulation. The main purpose of our report is to present solution to economic problems and then economy rate will become higher. And that loss which KESC have to bear due to this problem will be decreased. Economically this idea has great benefit both for masses and society. Once the theft of electricity would be detected then steps will be taken to stop it which will yield in discouraging the people using electricity illegally. Energy will be distributed to everyone justly thus everyone will be paying charges of only the amount they consume. Energy generating and distributing bodies will not be having extra load over their lines thus no power trips and break downs will occur so no extra money required for correcting such problems. CHAPTER NO 01 ELECTRIC METER 1.1 ELECTRIC METERS: An electric meter or energy meter is equipment that can measure the amount of electrical energy consumed by a residence, business, or an electrically powered device. Electric meters are usually calibrated in billing units; the most common is the kilowatt hour. Periodic readings of electric meters give billing cycles and energy used during a cycle. In settings when energy savings during certain periods are desired, meters may measure demand which is the maximum use of power in some interval. In some areas, the electric rates are higher during specific times of day for encouraging reduction in use. Also, in some areas meters have switches to turn off nonessential equipment. Electricity meters work by continuously measuring the instantaneous voltage (volts) and current (amperes) and then finding the product of these to give instantaneous electrical power (watts) which is afterwards integrated against time to give energy used (joules, kilowatt-hours etc.). Meters for smaller services (for instance small residential customers) can be connected directly in-line between source and customer. For larger loads, i.e. more than about 200 amps of load, current transformers are used, so that the meter can be located other than in line with the service conductors. The meters fall into two basic categories, electromechanical and electronic. 1.1.1 Mechanism of electromechanical induction meter. 1. Voltage coil many turns of fine wire encased in plastic, connected in parallel with load. 2. Current coil three turns of thick wire, connected in series with load. 3.Stator-concentrates and confines magnetic field. 4.Aluminum rotor disc. 5. Rotor brake magnets. 6. Spindle with worm gear. 7. Display dials note that the 1/10, 10 and 1000 dials rotate clockwise while the 1, 100 and 10000 dials rotate counter-clockwise. The electromechanical induction meter operates by counting the revolutions of an aluminum disc which is made to rotate at a speed proportional to the power. The number of revolutions is thus proportional to the energy usage. It consumes a small amount of power, typically around 2 watts. The metallic disc is acted upon by two coils. One coil is connected in such a way that it produces a magnetic flux in proportion to the voltage and the other produces a magnetic flux in proportion to the current. The field of the voltage coil is delayed by 90 degrees using a lag coil.[16] This produces eddy currents in the disc and the effect is such that a force is exerted on the disc in proportion to the product of the instantaneous current and voltage. A permanent magnet exerts an opposing force proportional to the speed of rotation of the disc. The equilibrium between these two opposing forces results in the disc rotating at a speed proportional to the power being used. The disc drives a register mechanism which integrates the speed of the disc over time by counting revolutions, much like the odometer in a car, in order to render a measurement of the total energy used over a period of time. The type of meter described here is basically used on a single-phase AC supply. Different phase configurations use additional voltage and current coils in them. 1.1.2 CURRENT TRANSFORMER (CT) METERING: Huge businesses or multi storey buildings use so much power that they cant be connected to the network via the usual methods so in order for these sites to be metered, the load needs to be broken down so the meter will be able to cope with it and then be multiplied out again in order to get the full amount of power being used. This is known as CT metering. Actually the load comes into a CT chamber from where it is then distributed from buzz bars containing transformers to CT links and then into the meter. The CT chamber also goes into the customers switchboard. The rating of the transformers finds out the multiplier to be applied when calculating true usage. 1.1.3 METER USED IN THE PROJECT: The meter used in our final year project is electromechanical induction meter. 1.2 UNIT OF MEASUREMENT: Kilowatt hour is the most common unit of measurement on the electricity meter which is equal to the amount of energy used by a load of one kilowatt over a period of one hour, or 3,600,000 joules. Some electricity companies also use the SI mega joule instead. Remote current and voltage sensors are be read and programmed remotely by modem and locally by infra-red. The circle with two dots is the infra-red port give the reading. Tamper-evident seals are also present in some meters. Demand is usually measured in watts, but averaged over a period, most often a quarter or half hour 1.3 ELECTRICITY THEFT: Meters can be controlled to make them under-register, effectively permitting power use without paying for it. This theft or fraud can be dangerous and also dishonest. Electricity theft can be in the form of i)fraud (meter tampering) ii)stealing (illegal connections) iii)billing irregularities iv)Unpaid bills. Another common method of tampering on older meters is to attach magnets to the outside of the meter. They magnetically saturate the coils or current transformers, preventing the alternating current from forming eddy currents in the rotor, or inducing voltages in the current transformer. Also rectified DC loads cause mechanical (but not electronic) meters to under-register. DC current does not cause the coils to make eddy currents in the disk so this causes reduced rotation and a lower the bill. Some combinations of capacitive and inductive load can also interact with the coils and mass of a rotor and cause reduced or reverse motion. 1.3.1 Basic Layout Of The Project Including Electricity Theft Possibilities: Bypass wire Breaker to cut out the meter Home Neutral Wire, neutral current iN Phase wire, phase current iP Earth wire Meter Case 1: If there is no bypassing of the meter and the entire load is OFF. iN (Neutral current) = iP (Phase Current) = 0 Case 2: If there is no bypassing of the meter and the entire load is ON. iN (Neutral Current) = iP (Phase current) = some value Case 3; If there is meter bypassing and the entire load is ON. iP (Phase current ) = 0 iN (Neutral Current) = load The first target is to sense / measure phase and neutral current. And if case 3 is verified than it will be a theft case. 1.3.2 Outcomes Of Electricity Theft: The evidence shows that theft is vastly increasing in most regions of the world. The financial impacts of theft have resulted in reduced income from the sale of electricity and the necessity to charge more to consumers. Electricity theft is closely concerned to governance indicators, with higher levels of theft in countries without effective accountability, political instability, low government effectiveness and high levels of corruption. Power theft has surely become an infamously prevalent practice in many parts of the country, both rural and urban. Many cases go unreported in various cities and villages, costing a lot to our countries burdened economy. People actually pay some local electrician a little money to reverse the electricity meter of the house and/or slow its pace. Some people also learn the trick from an electrician and help their family/friends steal electricity. 1.3.3 General Methods To Reduce Electricity Theft: Electricity theft can be reduced by Applying technical solutions such as tamper-proof meters. Managerial methods such as inspection and monitoring. Restructuring power systems ownership and regulation.. A common method of tampering on older meters is to attach magnets to the outside of the meter. These magnetically saturate the coils or current transformers, preventing the alternating current from forming eddy currents in the rotor, or inducing voltages in the current transformer. Rectified DC loads cause mechanical (but not electronic) meters to under-register. DC current does not cause the coils to make eddy currents in the disk, so this causes reduced rotation and a lower bill. Some combinations of capacitive and inductive load can interact with the coils and mass of a rotor and cause reduced or reverse motion. CHAPTER NO 02 MEASUREMENT OF AC CURRENT: 2.1 DESCRIPTION: Here we have considered household power is single-phase electric power, with two or three wired contacts at each outlet. The live wire (also known as phase, hot or active contact), carries alternating current between the power grid and the household. The neutral wire completes the electrical circuit by also carrying alternating current between the power grid and the household. The neutral is staked into the ground as often as possible, and therefore has the same electrical charge as the earth. This prevents the power circuits from rising beyond earth, such as when they are struck by lighting or become otherwise charged. The earth wire or ground connects cases of equipment to earth ground as a protection against faults (Electric Shock). 2.2 MEASUREMENT OF AC CURRENT: Its very difficult to measure ac current and produce voltage proportional to it. For measurement of ac current Hall Effect devices are mostly used. They produce the voltage proportional to the magnetic field in the air gap by inserting Hall Effect magnetic field sensor in the current transformer core air gap. The circuits below measure the ac current without using Hall Effect devices. 2.2.1 WORKING: FIG 1: An electric current J2 is introduced in the secondary winding of the coil which is proportional to the primary winding J1.Th secondary current can be controller by means of number of turns on primary and secondary winding. The primary winding either have one turn or a number of turns wrapped around it while the secondary winding has usually multiple turns around it. If the current transformer is ideal then the current in the secondary winding is equal to that in primary winding. But if it is possess non-ideal characteristics then the current in both windings will not be equal due to substantial phase angle, error of ratio, and/or wave shape in its output. They are the function of: The properties possess by magnetic core. How much burden on it. How much dc component present in the primary current. FIG2: Due to burden in the secondary the currents in the secondary and primary arent equal. Fig 2is used to reduce this effect .V4 is the voltage which is proportional to the rate of magnetic flux and is introduced by terminating the sense winding 10 to high impedance; the effective burden can be reduced by applying it tin series to the secondary winding after it is being amplified. Now the currents in secondary will be proportional accurately to that in primary since the magnetic flux changes in the core is reduced to zero. Smaller flux changes and higher accuracy will be achieved by higher gains in the amplifier circuit while on the other hand this leads to instability and associated =oscillations in the circuit. This technique is a better measure of ac current but the problem raised may be due to the dc component in the primary current FIG 3: Compensation voltage is generated by using secondary current as input and this voltage is required for driving the secondary current. The voltage generated V1 is proportional to the driving current J2 and the output voltage V3 is produced as an information signal. The advantage of above circuit is that instead of using Hall Effect sensors ordinary current transformers can be utilized to measure the ac current with a dc component .The above current sensor has the following properties: Even in the presence of primary current the current transformer gives accurate output. This circuit uses a relatively inexpensive and simple magnetic core. Stable over temperature and time. Primary current in in effected by noise. The voltage V3 is utilized further to obtain a dc voltage. For this purpose this ac output is passed by a rectifier circuit in order to obtain a dc voltage at the output. CHAPTER #03: MICROCONTROLLERS 3.1 INTRODUCTION: Microcontrollers are devices that have CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O ports, and timers all on a single chip. In other words all are embedded on a single chip. For applications in which cost and space are critical issue microcontrollers are preferred for their above mentioned features. Microcontroller is one of the major components of this design as it plays key role of the coordination between all the components. It inputs current signal and evaluates the theft. The result is then sent to remote office by connecting mobile to microcontroller. AT commands are used for communication between mobile and microcontroller. Microcontrollers are available with different instruction set, registers, speed, packaging and costs. There are many different types of microcontrollers. Freescales 6811, Intel 8051, Zilogs Z8, and PIC 16X from microchip technology are popular 8 bit microcontrollers. Nowadays 16 bit and 32 bit microcontrollers are also available. Microcontrollers are not compatible with each other because each has a different instruction set and registers. Certain important points must be kept in mind while selecting a microcontroller for a particular application. Firstly it must be able to satisfy all computational needs. These computational needs include capacity and speed. Speed: While choosing a microcontroller it should be operating at the speed that is required for the application Capacity: For certain applications programs are too long and they exceed on chip RAM capacity. Therefore it is necessary to consider on chip RAM memory. Secondly it must be compatible with devices used in application. This is an important issue. There are many microcontrollers which support only a particular baud rate and are incompatible with the devices that operate at the higher baud rate. Thirdly it must be available in required quantities and at the required costs. 3.2 POPULAR MICROCONTROLLERS: Two important microcontrollers that are widely used are 8051 and PIC. 3.2.1 8051 Family: There are many members of 8051 family which are produced by different vendors and have different features. Some of the well known are: 8051: 8051 was originally produced by Intel corporation .It has 4Kbytes ROM and 128bytes on chip RAM .Other products are 8052 and 8031 microcontrollers. These two have additional features such as increased ROM capacity, speed and timers. AT89C51:One of the most widely used 8051 microcontrollers is AT89C51 from Atmel Corporation. It is one of the most widely used from 8051 microcontrollers because of its easy availability and low cost. OTP version of 8051: One time programmable versions of 8051 are also widely used. Because of its low cost it is used for mass production. 3.3 PREVIOUS APPROACH: Earlier for project purpose Atmel89C51 was selected and ADC0808 was used along with it to convert current to digital. 3.3.1 ATMEL 89C51: It is one of the most commonly used controllers. The reasons behind its popularity are: It is widely available. Programming language is very simple. All its development tools are readily available. 3.3.1.1 Features: It is low powered and 8 bit microcontroller. 32 I/O lines. 6 interrupts 2 timers. 4K flash memory Serial programming is also possible. The figure below shows the pins of Atmel AT89C51. If AT89C51 is used for the current implementation then following points need to be considered: 3.3.1.2 Interfacing ADC With Microcontrollers: It does not have built in ADC therefore an external ADC is interfaced to entertain analog inputs. Normally ADC0808 and ADC0848 are used. 3.3.1.3 Serial communication: For serial communication it has built in UART mode. There is a special serial register known as SBUF. 3.3.1.4 ADC0808: As current is analog quantity and 8051 can only accept digital inputs therefore an ADC was needed .For this purpose ADC0808 was preferred as it is easily available in markets and compatible with 8051. Due to the compatibility issue atmel8951 was replaced by pic16F877A. 3.3.2 PIC: PIC stands for programmable Interface controller and it is made by microchip technology. PIC is widely preferred for industrial applications due to their low cost, capacity, extensive features and wide availability of development tools like its programmer, compiler etc. 3.3.2.1Features Of PIC: It follows Harvard architecture that is code and data spaces are separate. They even have a separate bus. This allows program and data to be fetched simultaneously. Code space is implemented as ROM whereas for data space we have general purpose RAM. However addressable data space is small. There is only one accumulator. Most of the PIC controllers are 8-bit microcontroller that all data should be in 8 bits and all operations are also performed in 8 bits chunks. They also support instructions, operations and commands that allow user to work on single bit. It has predefined instruction set with few changes for different versions .The instruction set includes instructions that support direct memory addressing as well as indirect addressing. It also supports conditions and branching. Newer versions of pic also have built in ADC into the microcontroller. PIC have hardware call stack which cannot be accessed through software. They save return addresses. TYPES OF PIC MICROCONTROLLERS: There are many PIC series of which well known are as follows: PIC17 SERIES PIC18 SERIES PIC32 SERIES PIC24 SERIES PIC16 SERIES For the project PIC16f877A is covered in detail therefore PIC 16 series is discussed briefly. 3.3.2.2 PIC16 Series: PIC16 Series are small, fast, and are available in most of areas. There are many different variants of pic16 series in which some have more I/O pins some have ADC, some have more memory. 3.4 CURRENT APPROACH: 3.4.1 PIC16F877A: For this project pic 16f877A has been used .The reasons behind using it were as follows: It is widely available in most of the areas. It has built in 10 bit ADC that was needed for our project. Its compiler and programmer were also easily available. It supports baud rate required for our application and it is compatible with devices that are used. It is relatively easy to program. The details of the pins are provided in the Appendix A 3.4.1.1 Features Of PIC16F877A: It is a 40 pin device 5 I/O ports A, B, C, D and E some pins are multiplexed so that they can be used for peripheral functions. 15 interrupts 8 A/D input channels 35 single word instructions and 1 instruction is composed of 14 bits. 20 MHz operating speed Data memory of 368 bytes EEPROM memory of 256 bytes 3 timers 2 analog comparators. 3.5 HARDWARE SECTION: Hardware design of PIC consists of combining different modules and devices with the controller that work together in order to attain information from the E-meter and read into the micro-controller. In this section ports, oscillators, registers of PIC that are used for implementing the design are briefly discussed: 3.5.1 Oscillator: External oscillator with a frequency of 12 MHz is used in order to achieve clock speed of 8MHz.The baud rate is set at 9600kbps. Internal oscillator of pic is not used. 3.5.2 I/O Ports: As the current has to be sensed through the microcontroller therefore portA is used and is configured for analog input (AN0 to AN7). Its corresponding direction register is TRISA. 3.5.3 Analog to Digital Converter Module: PIC16F877A has eight pins for Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Converter module. The conversion of an analog input signal results in a corresponding 10-bit digital number. It can even operate in sleep mode. The A/D clock must be derived from the A/Ds internal RC oscillator. The AD module has four registers adresh, adresl, adcon0 and adcon1. The 10 bit AD result is stored in adresh and adresl registers.ADCON1 is used for configuration of port pins. The operation of AD module is controlled through ADCON0. 3.5.4 USART: In order to generate alarm at remote office, controller is connected to mobile. The phone is connected to Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART) module which is one of the two serial I/O modules of PIC16F877A. USART is also known as a Serial Communications Interface or SCI. USART uses standard Non-Return to- Zero (NRZ) format (one Start bit, eight or nine data bits and one Stop bit). The USART transmits and receives the LSB first. The transmitter and receiver function independently. 3.6 SOFTWARE DESIGN: 3.6.1 Development Tools: The code is written in pic basic pro language. The code is then converted to hex via microcode studio and hex code is loaded into pic16F877A through quad programmer. Microcode studio is used because its free version is easy available on internet. For compiler three header files are made. One file is used by compiler other is used by programmer. The file with the extension .BAS is used by pbp .Pbp then makes .ASM file from it. It then makes .ASM file from it. If code is error free then assembler required output file with hex code in it. This hex code is loaded in the pic by quad programmer. 3.6.2 Program Code: There are multiple parts of the software design, as the micro-controller plays many parts in the coordination of the instrumentation panel. Firstly internal ADC of the PIC16F877A is configured to sense the current. The next step for the code is to check if input is greater than 0 .If it is greater than 0 then a message is sent to remote office through mobile. For this AT commands are used that are specially made for communication between GSM modules and microcontroller. Other than the mentioned AT commands in the following table are in appendix B COMMANDS PURPOSE ATZ AT+CMGF 3. AT+CMGS 4. AT+CMGL Recall Stored Profile Message Format Send Message List Messages CHAPTER NO 04: WIRELESS ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES: 4.1 EVOLVING WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES IN PAKISTAN: There are two important wireless access technologies that can be used within Pakistan and are feasible for our project and that are: WIMAX GSM 4.2 GSM TECHNOLOGY: For mobile telephony systems in the world, the most popular standard is GSM. The GSM Association estimated that 80% of the global mobile market uses the standard. 1.5 billion People across more than 212 countries and territories uses GSM technology for their benefits. This means that subscribers can use their phones throughout the world between mobile network operators, enabled by international roaming arrangements. GSM is considered a second generation (2G) mobile phone system because GSM differs from its predecessor technologies in that both signaling and speech channels are digital. GSM also facilitates the wide-spread implementation of data communication applications into the system. The GSM standard provides an advantage to both consumers, who may benefit from the ability to roam and switch carriers without replacing phones, and also to network operators, who can choose equipment from many GSM equipment vendors.GSM also pioneered cheapest implementation of the short message service (SMS), also called text messaging, which has since been supported on other mobile phone standards as well. A worldwide emergency telephone number feature is also provided by this standard. GSM also supports indoor coverage and may be achieved by using an indoor picocell base station, or an indoor repeater with distributed indoor antennas fed through power splitters, to deliver the radio signals from an antenna outdoors to the separate indoor distributed antenna system. When a lot of call capacity is needed indoors then these are typically deployed; for example, in airports or shopping centers. However, this is not a prerequisite, since indoor coverage is also achieved by in-building penetration of the radio signals from any nearby cell. The modulation technique used in GSM is Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK). It is a kind of continuous-phase frequency shift keying. In Gaussian minimum-shift keying, the signal to be modulated onto the carrier is first smoothed with a Gaussian low-pass filter prior to being fed to a frequency modulator, so it greatly reduces the interference to neighboring channels (adjacent-channel interference). 4.2.1 GSM CARRIER FREQUENCY: GSM networks operate in a number of different carrier frequency ranges (separated into GSM frequency ranges for 2G and UMTS frequency bands for 3G), the most 2G GSM networks operating in the 900Â  MHz or 1800Â  MHz bands. The 850Â  MHz and 1900Â  MHz bands were used instead, Where these bands were already allocated (for example in Canada and the United States). In some countries the 400 and 450Â  MHz frequency bands are assigned In rare cases because they were previously used for first-generation systems. In Europe Most 3G networks operate in the 2100Â  MHz frequency band. Regardless of the frequency selected by an operator, it is divided into timeslots for individual phones to use. That is why it allows eight full-rate or sixteen half-rate speech channels per radio frequency. These eight radio timeslots (or eight burst periods) are further grouped into a TDMA frame. In the same timeslot half rate channels use alternate frames. The channel data rate for all 8 channels is 270.833Â  kbit/s, and the frame duration is 4.615Â  ms. The transmission power limited in a handset to a maximum of 2 watts in GSM850/900 and 1 watt in GSM1800/1900. 4.2.2 NETWORK STRUCTURE: The network is structured into a number of discrete sections: The Base Station Subsystem (the base stations and their controllers). The Network and Switching Subsystem (the part of the network most similar to a fixed network). This is also called the core network. The GPRS Core Network (the optional part which allows packet based Internet connections). For maintenance of the network, the Operations support system (OSS). 4.2.3 SMS MODES IN GSM: We have two types of SMS modes in GSM SMS Text Mode SMS PDU Mode The text mode (It is unavailable on some phones) is simply an encoding of the bit stream. It is represented by the PDU mode. There are several encoding alternatives when displaying an SMS message and Alphabets may differ. The most common options are PCCP437, PCDN, 8859-1, IRA and GSM. These are